Mistake or Manipulation? Conceptualizing Perceived Mis- and Disinformation among News Consumers in 10 European Countries

In the midst of heated debates surrounding veracity and honesty communication, scholarly attention has turned to conceptualization mis- disinformation on supply-side (political) communication. Yet, we lack systematic research perceived demand-side. Original survey data collected in ten European countries ( N = 6,643) shows that news consumers distinguish general misinformation from disinformation. high correlation between two dimensions indicates perceptions may be regarded as a sub-type which intentional deception is core element. This paper aims make contribution media credibility literature by proposing first untruthfulness corresponding increasing levels cynicism skepticism toward factual status information.